The writing method of medical paper

Rep. Ron Paul meets a medical marijuana patient--Nov. 9 2007

Text is the core part of medical paper, include foreword, material and method, result, discuss, express one‘s thanks to 5 parts.
One, foreword

Foreword (introductive, introduction, exordial, preface) the introduction that is text, be equivalent to the opening remarks in the speech. Part of domestic publication foreword does not need to establish caption additionally. Foreword ought to conduct the action that reads interest to be being mixed to concentrate on the main points since text. Should make clear a few main problems above all before writing introduction: Do you want what to issue show through the article? Whether is it worth to explain? What person is in what magazine will be the article published or the reader of the article? Should note these a few problems when writing foreword and even whole paper.


Foreword should include on content: Why should have this research? What are the theory that establishs a problem or practice basis? Draft innovation dot where to? Theory and (or) what is practice meaning? Telling a reader why you want to have this research is the main content of foreword and purpose, the theory that this also includes to show this research among them and (or) carry out a meaning.
　

The statement wants concise, without preamble, be like " haemorrhage of ventricle of sex of heavy-duty afterwards hair is clinical expression is serious, prognosis is poor, rate of die in one‘s bed is high. The article is emphasized discuss use bilateral side ventricle is worn perverse deliquescent blood clot rinses kinase of alternant drainage make water the method that combines a waist to wear cerebrospinal fluid displacement treats heavy-duty afterwards to send sexual ventricle to bleed " . Sometimes others never has developed the project that we study, innovate at this moment the gender is clearly, be like " place of Zun Xuanmi Zun comes of cerebral ill patient clinical behave home to have a story in succession with CT, but did not see magnetism resonance becomes the research that resemble " . Below major case, forefathers has developed the project that we study, the substaintial distinction of the research of the research that shows you at this moment and others and innovation dot are crucial, be like " already know exactly about sth research discussed aspirin the application in be short of soldier of head of courage and uprightness, but these research all are miniature, be not double blind to contrast. This research uses the method that double blind contrasts, big, viewing time grows sample " . One brief reviewing is being made to the research related to the article in foreword is very necessary. What make one system with the content related this research begin to should be opposite before in research review, can make the kill that review in foreword generalize briefly. The writing of foreword is in include afore-mentioned content while should notice the following item: Content avoid by all means is not specific, length shoulds not be too long. Review historical choose its want a place, setting trends should generalize a few only can, cite bibliographical reference is unfavorable and overmuch. Basis before experience, the number of paper foreword word of 5000 words of ～ of a 3000 is in 250 words of 150 ～ are relatively suitable. The job that need not emphasize going is accomplished. Review an author before the foundation that the job just writes this to explain and motive, is not to write summary. The value that evaluates a paper wants just right, be practical and realistic, careful with " initiate " , " discover first " , " achieve international top-ranking level " , " fill home is blank " wait for a formulation. Because initiate must have exact data. To this, can use opposite relatively euphemism expression, be like " examine document with respect to place, did not appear in the newspaper " etc. Do not repeat schoolbook or well-known content. If be in the article that whether can discussion vitamin D prevent osteoporosis, not was necessary to explain what is vitamin D again, what is osteoporosis. Foreword rises only conduct action, can show the design of research, but the data that does not involve this research, result and conclusion, mix less with abstract text repeats. The result is to pass experiment or clinical observation gain, and the opinion that conclusion is promotion of logistic on the foundation of the result inference. Try to affirm to conclusion namely in foreword or be illogical in the negative. Foreword lists serial number and title not additionally commonly.
2, material and method

Material and method basically are the basic course of the stuff that explains the institute is used, method and research, it replies " how to do " problem, have the effect of a connecting link between the preceding and the following. Material is the objective basis that behaves research theme, the method is the method that points to theme of the research that finish. Material and method are the foundation of paper of science and technology, it is the main basis of sex of judgement paper science, advanced sex. It can make the reader understands the dependability of research, also repeat this research to provide a data for others.


The caption of material and method differs because of the type of research and somewhat difference, investigation and study constant instead " object with the method " , clinical trial is used " case of illness and method " . The writing of the data that does not study with the type and method also not just the same. The experiment considers to want to explain experimental condition and experimental method. The source that experimental condition includes experimental animal, kind standard of department, sexual distinction, age, weight, healthy state, choice, in group process of preparation of method, anaesthesia and operation method, specimen and experimental environment and raise a condition to wait. Experimental method includes what to use instrument equipment and norms, reagent, operation method. If reagent fastens groovy reagent, show name, manufacturer home, norms, lot number can; If fasten new reagent, draw up even structural formula and structural style; If need to make up, should explain recipe and preparation method. If operation method belongs to what forefathers has used, well-known, should tell a name only can; If fasten newer method, should show provenance and provide bibliographical reference; Undertook improvement to some method, want to explain modification basis and content; To the method of innovation, the introduction that should notice not to want will new method and the new issue that handle this method research are mixed in a paper, if paper department reports new method, answer to introduce the specific measure of the configuration of reagent and operation in detail, so that other study is mixed,popularize.


The object of clinical research is a patient, should explain come from be in hospital or outpatient service, must diagnose case load, sexual distinction, age, profession, pathogeny, course of diseases, pathology the basis at the same time, in group the circumstance such as method of standard, the diagnostic cent of the disease standard, illness and basis of curative effect judgement, observation and index makes brief specification. Afore-mentioned content can try to choose to explain according to the particular case of research, stress a focal point. Diagnose methodological paper newly to research, should notice to explain suffer tried an object to whether include of all kinds and different patient (illness weight, have wait without course of amalgamative disease, diagnosis and treatment) , get the source that tries object and collator (like the hospital of different level some ill sicken rate reachs rate seeing a doctor to may differ) , how does normal value set, should diagnose a method how specific undertake waiting a moment. Research disease is clinical course and prognostic paper, wanting an attention to show a patient is the where in course of diseases one phase accepts treatment, of the patient turn examine circumstance, whether to establish the objective standard that observes disease result. The pathogeny learns to study the paper wants to explain place to devise a method with research (consider to wait like clinical and random experiment, alignment) , whether to do dosage - effect observation. To research of observation of clinical curative effect, basically explain case of illness chooses a level, the average data of case of illness (wait like weight of the age, sexual distinction, illness) , in group principle and example allocation method (conjugate, conpatibility of medicals or completely random) , curative effect observes index and curative effect standard. If remedial method ties an operation, should make clear form of operation name, art, anaesthetic method to wait; The name that if the department medications,should make clear medicaments (use formal name commonly and need not trade name) , origin (include lot number) , dosage, bring to bear on way and method, period of treatment, chinese herbal medicine still should make clear producing area and preparation method.


In material and method, still should explain briefly to be used below what condition why to plant statistical processing technique and significance standard, should show computational method and software name when necessary.
3, result

Have experiment or data of clinical observation income or data examine and verify, eliminate the false and retain the true, again primitive to its data undertakes statistical processing can reach analytic inducing mixing the result of research. The result is the core part of scientific research paper, the success or failure of scientific research was judged according to coming as a result, conclusion and inference also are derived by the result. Result part can reflect the academic level of the paper and theory and economic value most. Accordingly, want to take seriously particularly to the writing of this one part. The writing of result part should achieve target clear and reliable, data is accurate without by accident, the character describes concise and comprehensive, chart design is correct and reasonable.
The specific content of the result depends on the main body of the article. The content of the result includes to record an experiment or the objective fact of clinical observation, determining data, derived formula, typical case, taking image is waited a moment, but the side focal point with the due and different content of result of different type article. If research the thesis of new diagnostic method, want special attention to explain test result to whether undertake independence with accepted golden standard " blind law " quite, its accord with degree how, sensitivity, particularity, positive forecasts value, negative to forecast a value to more or less wait each. Research disease is clinical the paper of the course, should special explain whether case of illness undertook following visitting to place, along with visit rate have many tall (should be more than commonly 80% ) , do not have to affecting the extra element of prognosis to have undertake adjustment, how to wait as a result. The implied meaning that the pathogeny learns to consider wants special attention to explain the difference rate that exposes group and blame to expose group result, after whether earnings result appears at exposing, wait a moment. 　

Observe without the experiment of statistical processing the record makes primitive data. The purpose of statistical processing is to make the primitive data that understands hard becomes understand easily, some kind of inevitable rule announces in the chance from primitive data. Accordingly, the expression of experimental result uses statistic to measure commonly and do not use primitive data, also do not carry primitive data entirely surely. Computation data can use relative number to be like percentage, but when example number is less than 100 when, answer to add bracket after percentage, in bracket internal standard bright reaction is counted / example number, be like 54.41% (37/68) . If metric data accords with normal school, application all is worth + standard deviation (or standard by accident) , if show,slant voice distributings, use commonly median and be apart from completely express. If undertake around or across block are compared, the value that should explain statistic examines (wait like T, U, F) be worth with P. About the particular operation of statistical processing detailed sees statistical monograph, here does not make detailed solution. Should concern according to B3358-82 of level of state of People‘s Republic of China about statistical noun and symbol " statistical noun and symbol " regulation.
　

The expression of the result is united in wedlock each other through character, graph, watch normally will finish. Following case can give priority to with literal expression or convey with the character only: The data in the result is less, can make item of congener relative observation not much person. The paper that gives priority to in order to observe configuration feature is general need not form, and with the character the description is given priority to cooperate morphology picture. The content that can convey with the character need not list, plot. Already said clear content with chart, need not reoccupy character is expatiatory, should emphasize only or generalize a key. Literal expression basically is the result that states the article to obtain, need not emphasize a process, also do not repeat " material and method " wait for a data that explain, should not be result promotion theoretic conclusion more, do not cite commonly so document.
　

Watch and the main demand that the graph designs are correct and reasonable, brachylogy is clear. "Axiomatic sex " (Self-explanatoriness) it is the important sign that measures chart. Alleged " axiomatic sex " it is to point to the content that studies with respect to can general understanding through watch and graph only and result.
　

The watch is compendious, the scientific diction of standardization. Prevailing view uses list of 3 lines type, express namely look by top line, mark line, with the bottom line these 3 horizontal lines form framework, two side should be ringent. Top line and mark are column head between eye, watch body is between mark eye and bottom line. Column head top left corner need not diagonal, but column head allows to setting to several horizontal lines. Indicative group fastens the actor‘s costumes of general watch, index of reaction of column head designation. But this kind differentiates is not fixed, the author can be arranged neatly according to the circumstance. The lower part of the watch still can add footnote.
　

The graph is the expressive means of a kind of visualize, it can convey the result of research intuitionisticly. The height that normally we pursue with column conveys the size that is not successional data, the graph that use a line, histogram or medicinal powder the change that orders chart to amount to successional or metric data, the chart that use a site shows the concern of bivariate. The caption of the graph should be in the lower part of the graph, annotate can be put around column or line.
To can using a graph to also can use the data of the watch already, can choose to convey a form according to particular case. Say commonly, basically be the data that shows metabolic trend, especially successive dynamic data, appropriate uses the form of the graph; Need to represent the data with precise metric interconnected system, appropriate uses the form of the watch.
　

The writing of the result must take the scientific attitude of be practical and realistic, abide by the principle of comprehensive sex and authenticity. No matter experimental result is success or failure, if true is valuable. Must not aleatoric to experimental data additions and deletions, distort, in order to accord with " normal " result. This goes against us to understand new issue of thing and discovery in the round.
　

The paper of clinical curative effect often is added after describing general result with typical case, can have the effect of draw inferences about other cases from one instance. Think at present, the disease to certain new discovery (be like AIDS) or the curative effect research of rare disease, add with typical case it is necessary. But to common disease and frequently-occurring disease, criterion need not exemple cite typical case. But it is common disease and frequently-occurring disease likewise, typical case should be added when introducing new treatment and technology so. Typical case should be chosen have representative, say some medicine treats some disease for example effective, typical case had better choose the case that uses this drug treatment to show effect alone, and do not choose amalgamative the case of illness of the remedy that used other possibility to also have curative effect.
4, discuss
　


Discuss the elite part that is a paper, it is the answer of the question that raises to foreword place, it is the rational understanding that is the perceptual knowledge sublimate that studies result idea essence. The reflection that studies a result through be opposite in the author in discussing, theoretical analysis and scientific inference, clarify the in-house connection of the thing and development rule, from deepness and range two respects are abounded and improve the knowledge to studying a result. The discretion of discussion level depends on the deep, range of accomplishment of academic level of the author, learning and professional knowledge. Discussion content includes the following fields roughly: Brief overview is opposite domestic and internationally the research recent situation of this task, and photograph of advanced level of the conclusion of this research and result and international, country is compared be on what position. Clarify according to the purpose of research the academic content that studies a result originally and practice meaning. Stress article innovation to choose a location, and study as a result the respect sustains innovation drop from what originally. Wait to the limit of this research, defect, doubtful point try to analyse and explain, show contingency and inevitability. Show the issue that the article fails to solve, raise the way that will study henceforth and question. Not be every paper must include above content, answer to set out from the research purpose of the paper, stress a focal point, buckle closely topical.
　

Discussing is the share that can reflect paper level most, also be the share with writing higher difficulty. Wear to be being written first for, want special attention the following: Discussing is the author clarifies oneself academic viewpoint, but be equal to is free forum, cannot talk in generalities. Discussion content should set out as a result from the research of the paper, around innovation dot and conclusion spread out, should accomplish administrative levels clarity, primary and secondary trenchant, do not waste writing in secondary issue diluent theme. Be in consistently with document but brushstroke has been taken, the key debates abhorrent point; Adduce and necessary document, composition of avoid by all means offers overview. The evaluation of be practical and realistic, appropriate, do not make conclusions in disorder, inference of avoid by all means is beyond the mark and denotative. There still are a lot of problems that have not clarify in medicine, push behoove so special discretion, normally coronal with " likelihood " wait. Any research have its limitation, the research that is like home remains as a result foreign test and verify; The experiment outside body remains to experiment within body test and verify. Accordingly, discuss the point of view that should hold to one divides into two, abhorrent to studying a result with other place should analyse a reason seriously, want to hold the manner of modest pursuit truth and break of other writer business, do not hold " only I am correct " manner. Be not every paper to want to have discuss, some short story can be not written. If the result can be put as closely as discussion relation together,write, close say to wait with the analysis as a result.
5, express one‘s thanks to

What scientific research works is successful finish the help that cannot leave another person, in text answer to express our thanks to the person that helps to considering to had been offerred originally finally. The object of express one‘s thanks to includes: Put forward guiding memorialist to studying the work, paper check and approve person, the person that the data is offerred, technical cooperation person, the person that help statistic, for the person that article draw cartography is expressed, offer the person that sample, material, equipment goes to the lavatory with etc.

Express one‘s thanks to must be practical and realistic, should prevent the ill will of piracy claim credit due to others, also do not force at the person, if go up without allowing to write the name of expert, professor, come in order to show check and approve him drive up. Express one‘s thanks to wants the content of the job of the person that the specification is thanked commonly, be like " instructor " , " collect a data " , " provide a data " etc.