Medical Marijuana, The Truth!
Gong Jianhua, zhou Jieping, hu Bisong, fang Liqun, cao Wuchun, 2009. Consider the development of science of medical geography information and technology. Supplement of remote sensing journal (wait for publish) (place of remote sensing of congratulatory the Chinese Academy of Sciences establishs paper market 30 years)
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Be based on medical geographical as scientific as geographical information course across, target of the idea that the article advanced science of medical geography information, research, and the research framework that includes academic, technology and application. Get from information, information is analysis of compositive management, space, imitate analysis, visible system of n/arc drafting, information and service isogon are spent, discussed include system of remote sensing, geographical information, space to locate the service, mobile information that is based on the position serves and other places to manage IT is in medicine is geographical medium research and applied current situation. From microcosmic zoology geography the environment is monitored, face " person " data is collected with get, the disease imitate that is based on network of human relations in society, be based on method of individual disease imitate, complexity and communal sanitation earth of system of office of incident lash-up delibrate, number and respect of digital human body, discussed progress of science of medical geography information and the challenge that face.
Keyword: Medical is geographical, geographical information is scientific, remote sensing, geographical information system, communal and wholesome, healthy
1.
Foreword
The spatial information technology of contemporary and rapid development, computer technology and network technology, for medicine geographical, (landscape, space) epidemiology considers to wait, provided new pattern and measure. Especially 2003 after SARS happening and popular incident, spatial information technology applies range and deepness mediumly to wait in communal and wholesome domain, get rising apparently. For example, the institute applies in remote sensing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (place of next abbreviation remote sensing) , cooperated with martial academy of medical sciences 2003, at the same time remote sensing of associated Beijing Normal University and GIS research center are reached assist with medical university, held water " the Chinese Academy of Sciences / technology of spatial information of communal and wholesome domain applies martial academy of medical sciences research center " (the Chinese Academy of Sciences, martial academy of medical sciences, 2003) ; Occupy not complete count at present, remote sensing place has 6 researchers to reach its to study the group is in at least the research that develops application of technology of spatial information of relevant and public wholesome domain, already was assumed from 2003 include " be based on contemporary IT to study contagion is spatio-temporal transmission and popular rule " etc in all the national science foundation of 15 above, country 863, national science and technology is great and special wait for a project. The article plans to be based on medicine geographical as scientific as geographical information progress, relatively elaborate technology of geographical spatial information to apply at medicine systematically geographical the research current situation with communal and wholesome domain, the applied major demand that is based on communal and wholesome domain at the same time and feature discuss the challenge that geographical information science and technology face.
2.
Concept of science of medical geography information and research frame
The course idea that studies geographical zoology environment and medicine are relevant has medical science geographical (Medical Geography) , communal sanitation is geographical (HealthGeography) , landscape epidemiology (Landscape Epidemiology) , dimensional epidemiology (SpatialEpidemiology) etc, above although concept of these a few course has different research point of view, study content also has bigger across and jackknife, but the article uses the perspective with geographical medicine and course theory and method, the communal and wholesome field that develops spatial information technology uses research.
Medical is geographical the geography that is research herd disease and healthy state distributings the relation with geographical environment, and Medical Protection orgnaization and establishment district are reasonable the course of configuration, it is course of geographical a branch, it is the research domain of medical course, research content basically includes medicine of disease geography, healthy geography, environment and medical geography cartography (Fang Rukang, dai Jiaqing, 1993) . The research target with geographical medicine is geographical environment and person, the geographical environment here, it is to point to the disease with the person and environment of healthy and relevant physical geography zoology and social geography environment. Locate as space of system of remote sensing, geographical information, whole world the development of the spatial information technology such as earth of system, number and fictitious and geographical environment and application, geographical information science is formed gradually (Goodchild, 1992) , the main subject that becomes geographical science and provide methodology and technical platform for geographical science. Medical is geographical the branch course that serves as geographical science, make the fundamental application field of geographical information science and technology naturally also.
Consider medicine is geographical as scientific as geographical information / technical correlation and promote each other, the article advances idea of science of medical geography information (MedicalGIScience) . Medical geography information is scientific, main development faces medicine geographical and the geographical information of communal and wholesome problem and general affairs is scientific, is not it is to consider how to apply only at present already some geographical IT come processing and solve the applied problem in communal sanitation, should expand specialized service however at about " geographical environment " with " person " the geographical information theory that wait and related side law, technology and application carry out medicine of relevant disease geography, healthy geography, environment and medical geography cartography.
Accede to study object geography environment and person geographically at medicine, link the development of geographical information science and medical informatization, science of medical geography information studies the target passes the person‘s disease, health, environment, as geographical as human body environment and person - the digitlization that the ground concerns, informatization, and relevant model is built wait with computational analysis, the feature of treatment of control of popularity of exploration and research disease cause of formation, disease, epidemic situation, sickness, healthy epidemic prevention and rule. Among them, human body environment, it is to point to the around the body microcosmic space environment related to human body physiology and disease, activity; Geographical environment is to point to macroscopical, environment of as geographical as the person‘s disease and healthy and relevant physico-chemical sex environment, biology sex geography, sociality geography environment.
Science of medical geography information studies content includes academic, technology and application 3 administrative levels. Be in theoretic, can concern from human body environment, geographical environment and person ground 3 levels begin research, specific include: Human body is microcosmic dimensional environment digitlization and informatization method, the geographical environment element related to disease happening and transmission analyses a way, the contagion below different measure is spatio-temporal spread kinetic mechanism, the disease that is based on individual action and network of group social relations travels mechanism, the disease travels forecast, early-warning and control imitate principle and method, the spatio-temporal layout of medical treatment resource and epidemic prevention measure and optimize a method to wait. On the technology, include remote sensing to monitor with the space fixed position serves a technology, the ground is statistical analyse with the space, technology of imitate of much intelligence system, social network analyses a technology, visible with n/arc drafting technology, the disease is integrated database and share service technology to wait; On application, include medicine of disease geography, healthy geography, environment to wait.
Should point out, no less, about geography (space) the field researchs related the IT application in communal and wholesome domain, also exist have healthy GIS (HealthGIS) , communal and wholesome GIS (HealthGIS) , and remote sensing technology applies in communal sanitation, "3S, namely remote sensing (RS) , geographical information system (GIS) , global location system (GPS) " the technology is in the concept such as epidemiology application and research direction, but, afore-mentioned concepts are side overweight some / the spatial information technology of some a few respects (be like or remote sensing, or GIS) and environment of disease, healthy, wholesome resource allocation, pollution the some that wait respect, cannot generalize extensive research content and applied current situation entirely. KamelBouloset Al. (2001) criterion from include mapping, " 3S " wait for technology of comprehensive spatial information to apply at common healthful point of view, elaborated informatics of communal and wholesome geoscience (HealthGeomatics) . With afore-mentioned relevant concepts basic concept differs, the idea of science of medical geography information that the article advances, the geographical information that basically considers to face disease and healthy problem is scientific, it is to hope to build to include geography of as academic, method, complete as a of application medicine information science course, such, this course is not just about geographical IT (include earth of the remote sensing, GIS, spatial information service that is based on the position, number and fictitious and geographical environment to wait) the application in communal and wholesome domain, and higher end is to urge the much discipline of medicine and geographical information science, geographical science two-way and interactive, across and joint development.
3.
Geographical IT is in medicine is geographical medium applied current situation
The medicine that is based on contemporary IT is geographical, cannot leave data to get, data arranges as associated as analysis of organization, data, element analysis, propose model and model computation, measure imitate and evaluate, information expression and release etc, graph the 2 news that stated medicine is geographical and iformation flow research and analytic perspective. Manage as the ground (space) the development of IT, the spatio-temporal cartography that uses system of extraction of remote sensing information, geographical information integratedly and dimensional analysis, multidimensional the data such as simulation of visible, computer analyses information with expressive method, can fast, in the round exploration, discovery, monitor the environmental element related to human health, disease. Among them " 3S " the technology studies in disease precaution control the domain received wide application, main concentration is opposite the background investigation that disease of sex of source of natural epidemic disease, geochemistry sex disease and environment pollute disease of be caused by to wait, monitor analyse with control, popular mechanism, forecast early-warning to wait (Wilkinsonand Tanser, 1999) (Beck Et Al. , 1995) (Dister Et Al. , 1997) (Zhang Jianqin, 2006) (Zhong Shaobo, 2006) . In addition, the respect waits in medical treatment, hygiene, geographical information system and positional service IT are informatization of configuration of medical treatment resource, hospital and medical treatment to nurse etc offerred new administrative technology and solution. Technology, information is gotten from information below system of analysis of compositive organization management and database technology, space, visible cartography, information and service angle expounds the information theory that wait geographical IT is in medicine is geographical state of medium research, application.
3.1 information get a technology
Organize a large number of manpower to undertake field makes an on-the-spot investigation, it is the important data origin of division of contagion, epidemiology, the methodological cost with this kind of artificial support is time-consuming and huge, but through careful organization and plan, can ensure of the data accurate and reliable. Apply through what GPS and outdoors of mobile GIS technology make an on-the-spot investigation, can raise field to inspect the precision that data collects and efficiency greatly. In addition, because remote sensing telemetry can undertake to upper environment large area synchronism is monitored continuously, broke through the limitation that studies zoology environment from local the earth‘s surface before, already also became contagion to monitor the significant step that information gets. On the other hand, building medical treatment to decide a dot to observe station and illness data appear in the newspaper is the important way that ensures illness data is updated in time, use GIS to analyse a method to be able to nod those who watch a station to distributing surely to medical treatment the cloth with be done better is set, and the application that network technology incorporates wireless network technology, what be illness data is instant appear in the newspaper provided transmission support.
3.1.1
GPS technology and mobile GIS technology
Information and remote sensing information are united in wedlock, conduce to extraction of remote sensing information collecting a respect in data of real time contagion, epidemiology host and case investigation, agency investigation, get extensive attention. The foundation is collected to go up in traditional contagion data field, technology of global fixed position, mobile GIS technology, wireless network technology makes data is collected more quick and accurate. The data that project of monitoring of virus of Nile of Ni Yaxi of guest evening standard uses the mobile GIS technology that is based on PDA to realize sample of pair of feral and avian blood is collected, edit and transmit remotely (ESRI China (Beijing) limited company, 2006) . DavidWilkinson Etal. (1999) use the technology such as GIS/GPS, the phthisical community that in African area investigation increases treats the distributinging condition of worker and volunteer, enclothed the effect to undertake assessment to its at the same time. Gong Peng of place of remote sensing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences‘s researcher, begin to save verminosis institute to undertake cooperative with Sichuan from 1994, in Sichuan Xi Changan Ning He sheds region and division of long Qiu Shan, use advanced whole world to locate the dimensional data such as the system collects equipment to undertake to oncomelania breed limits data is collected, to water of crowd epidemic disease osculatory dot has fixed position (Yang Changhong, 2003) . Gong Jianhua of place of remote sensing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences‘s researcher and group of Cao Wuchun of martial academy of medical sciences‘s researcher cooperate, developed the investigation of contagion data field that is based on PDA and mobile phone and geographical information to serve a system jointly, the rat that heats up in haemorrhage kind after investigating disaster of He Wenchuan earthquake, communal and wholesome safeguard had main effect (ZhangLihui Et Al. , 2008) (Zhou Jieping Et Al. , 2009) .
3.1.2
Remote sensing technology
The trends of remote sensing of environment of area geography zoology of contagion happening and popular period of time is monitored and related to contagion the remote sensing information of environmental element is extracted in real time, the analysis of relevant environment element that can travel for contagion builds a base. In the meantime, the remote sensing trends of much element of environment of contagion geography zoology is analysed, can use at classification of contagion landscape type, evaluate the dangerous probability that contagion of area of epidemic disease source produces with this, undertake forecasting early-warning ahead of schedule. 1971, NASA and NOMCD (NewOrleans Mosquito ControlDistrict) cooperate, infra-red aviation photography uses research color and colour at the vegetation that concerns with mosquito habitat to consider (Washino And Wood, 1994) the result that its have study to the experimental division of new orleans showed very tall identifying is led, what this pulled open remote sensing to study in epidemic is prelusive. 1998, the star that the CHAART (National Aeronautics And Space Administration‘s Center For HealthApplications Of Aerospace Related Technologies) of NASA is summed up and planned to study with Yu Weisheng data is gotten carries sensor system and all sorts of diseases that are based on remote sensing travel risk model (Beck, 2000) . Use extensively also at what wait in malaria, schistosome, the plague to monitor in our country remote sensing and GIS technology study with prevention and cure, obtained a few beneficial results. Yang Guojing, Zhou Xiao farming (2002) data of applied NOAA-AVHRR satellite gets NDVI to be worth, the weather data that saves its and countrywide weather station and Jiangsu aguish monitoring point and data of aguish incidence of a disease are comparative, undertake relevant analysis and aguish popularity area forecast an analysis. Xu Bing, Gong Peng (Xuetal. , 2004) use data of high resolution satellite (IKONOS) to schistosome the breed ground environment of intermediate host oncomelania undertook ration differentiate, undertook to oncomelania density remote sensing is forecasted and obtain higher be identical rate. Yang Gong, fang Liqun (2003) use TM remote sensing video ask for haemorrhage integratedly to heat up case of illness to undertake contrasting analytic with kidney of Beijing Haidian area, the west hill of Beijing close flume that discovers case of illness sends an area high to be located in one of areas of establish of Beijing water seed rice paragraph the crops of upper reaches of reservoir of the river that reach sand grows an area, discuss the special and associated sex of disease popularity and geographical environment.
3.2 information compositive, organization management and database technology
Geographical IT distinction depends on his treating a space at the key of general IT the ability of relevant data, and information of sanitation of many medical treatment, of the happening that is like contagion and popularity, endemic distributing those who reach orgnaization of sanitation of the pathogeny, medical treatment distributing etc with spatial information closely related, the characteristic becomes the premise that applies in medical domain related this kind of space. Because GIS can pass a space to concern (geographical coordinate) host of disease, agency distributing to rise with join of geographical environment element, undertake show interactively and be analyticed, provide a basis for further statistical analysis, provided analytic platform to study the impact between geographical, environment and disease consequently. Coordinate in the organization of Ministry of Public Health and national CDC below, our country serious infection (wait like the plague, schistosomiasis, HFRS) established monitoring point, the popular state that knows each district for monitoring of wholesome and decision-making branch provided fundamental data, corresponding dimensional database also is built gradually and perfect (Zhou Xiao farming, 2003) (handle country is static wait, 2002) (Wang Weiming, 2005) (Wu Haixia, 2007) . On the other hand, in respect of construction of informatization of clinical medicine, hospital and medical establishment optional location, geographical information system organizes administrative advantage in dimensional space data, already made data of information of a medical treatment gradually the new measure of compositive, organization management. The center of LomaLinda university medical treatment of the California austral the United States used ArcGIS to have database construction and visible expression to data of patient of hospital floor layout, real time, developed a hospital to the patient finds a place for and treat the system that monitor, help cure protects the information that personnel is monitored and manages ward, bed and patient (ESRI China (Beijing) limited company, 2006) . Feng Dan (2007) was based on geographical information system to build Beijing ground of origin of patient of hospital of some 3 armour, include to distributing in Beijing and the database in countrywide distributinging circumstance, pattern of space of pathogeny of help hospital understanding with better begin hospital market operation.
3.3 spaces are analysed
The happening of human disease and its located surroundings are closely related, because GIS can pass a space to concern (geographical coordinate) will former of host of this dispersive, isolated disease, agency distributing to rise with join of geographical environment element undertake indication interactively with compositive processing, and the function such as its distinctive dimensional overlay analysis, position analysis, buffer analysis and dimensional concern processing is helpful for relevant element be being analysed jointly, provided analytic platform to study the impact between geographical, environment and disease consequently. Dimensional data exploration analyses the methodological application in medical domain, the earliest traceable London is choleraic 1853 of the disease erupt with control, this already made the classic case that geographical environment and disease combination have dimensional data is analysed. As the development of IT, apply remote sensing information integratedly to extract the technology, spatio-temporal cartography that is based on geographical information system and space analysis, multidimensional information is visible wait for data analysis and expressive method, of the happening that will explore contagion and popularity, endemic distributing reach orgnaization of sanitation of the pathogeny, medical treatment distributing the correlation with spatial information, becoming the research heat of medical domain gradually. American medicine is geographical domestic May (1977) the environmental plan cent that studies medical geography is physical sex, biology sex and sociality 3 large categories, from this angle medicine geographical in dimensional analysis method can divide for: Environment of geography of the relation of environment of geography of sex of environment of physico-chemical sex geography and healthy relationship, biology and contagion, sociality and disease and iatrical concern.
Environment of geography of 3.3.1 physico-chemical sexes and healthy relationship
Medical is geographical the earliest because be opposite,be certain the disease that has regional feature has investigation and study and begin rise, these diseases often as geographical as physico-chemical sex of place environment is relevant, use geographical IT to have combination to these diseases and geographical environment element, search the pathogeny to control pathogeny likely to prevent and cure in order to achieve thereby the purpose of the disease. 1984 Sheppardetal. (1999) carry a large number of on-the-spot investigation, applied GIS analysis is mixed with affirmatory minority low the menace that receives a crowd to whether be polluted by air, the minatory preliminary estimation that the environment that analysed a result to offer poisonous and chemical material to arise pollutes pair of minority, poor and children, develop and used a kind of geographical and random method to be used at the evaluation of these result meanings. Cechet Al. (2000) one articulatory obstacle and cognitive blemish are the nerve that studies with GIS in American Texas this area resident appears the correlation with the disease of main symptom and toxic aluminium. Njemanzeetal. (1999) the influence of use GIS technology and fountainhead of risk analysis evaluation to health, the geography that analyses problem of poor diarrhoea of developing country baby and local fountainhead, water quality, population and the relevant circumstance that the environment pollutes. Valjusetal. (1995) applied GIS surveys Finnish home the residence and all round the distance between high-pressured electrical wiring, the exposure in estimating a dweller to produce magnetic field in the electrical wiring place of 110~400kV thereby circumstance and meet with cancered concerns.
The relation of environment of geography of 3.3.2 biology sex and contagion
Since go up century 90 time, RS and GIS are applied extensively at disease of bug of disease of Mu of schistosomiasis, Lai, malaria, filariasis, dengue, awl to wait for a variety of natural epidemic disease related to geographical environment the research of source sex disease and agency contagion epidemiology. In American Munchetal. (2003) use GIS all sorts of to the tuberculosis of a few suburbs of CapeTown popular elements and transmission division have investigation and study, the data correlation sex that union is based on bit of structure and dimensional statistic analyses a method, reach tuberculosis and unemployment, poverty has tall dependency. Baviaetal. (1999) 30 areas that visit in Brazilian Bayier built schistosomiasis GIS system, analysed schistosome to affect a space kinetic the environmental element that distributings with influence schistosomiasis, discover population density and dry season time and schistosomiasis distributing about. Our country also the tremendous potential that early noticed remote sensing and GIS to research a field in communal sanitation, a lot of investigator are in this respect is much much work, gained revolutionary success. Zhou Xiao farming (1998, 1999) cent of space of applied GIS data is folded and map overlay cent is folded, indication schistosome disseminates an index (the index is worth those who be more than 900) to distributing basically be identical of photograph of as fashionable as the schistosomiasis of Chinese south area district, conclude, closely related the element such as the popular limits of schistosomiasis and temperature, tall Cheng, rainfall, use weather data and data of satellitic remote sensing to forecasting the potential popularity of schistosomiasis the area has a possibility. Choose geographical information system and remote sensing technology to establish atmosphere at the same time model of maths of one hydrology balance is mixed to Chinese Nanjing area schistosomiasis popularity undertook forecasting all round Jiangsu province, use TM remote sensing after the flood the video Jiang Tan that monitor changes in order to understand the change of oncomelania careless virgin soil. Yang Meixia (2002) the quantitative research that during exposing means to undertake big damage caused by waterlogging is killed from what affect schistosomiasis, resident of schistosomiasis popularity area contacts epidemic disease water. Fang Liqun, Cao Chunxiang (2005) the space that uses geographical information system to send ill sex avian flu high to chinese mainland distributings and relevant environment element undertook an analysis.
Environment of 3.3.3 sociality geography and disease and iatrical concern
Because contagion is,person and animal contact form transmission chain, create the disease transmission in the crowd and popularity, and the level also meets local medical treatment cause certain effect to the popularity of the disease. Because of this disease and sociality geography environment, include circumstance of medical treatment of level of income of living circumstance of population density, crowd, person and animal concern, crowd, crowd to wait have very big concern. Zhao Qingxiu (2003) through be opposite Jilin university patient and health contrast group from domestic situation, standard of living, habits and customs, the level of common sense of prevention and cure of the tuberculosis such as circumjacent environment undertakes contrast, the analysis affects the relevant factor of tuberculosis, for the college precautionary tuberculosis provides reference. Wang Jinfeng (2005) use exploration sex space to analyse a method, right data of Beijing SARS case of illness undertook dimensional clustering 2003, discover SARS sickness case of illness and Beijing city layout and population distributing and flow has very big dependency. To the crowd the rule of disease happening is known or the analysis of disease cause of formation, its are final the precaution that the purpose is crowd disease and interpose. Usually, the disease produces in the crowd monitor the characteristic such as as long-term as interpose existence sex, and the objective that the medical treatment resource such as medical treatment establishment cannot satisfy sufficient interpose and cure quite, also arose to distributing to distributing to optimize configuration to wait for a problem into space of resource of practise medicine cure with risk crowd in the light of crowd disease space from this. Be like Vincentetal. (2001) the balanced sex that distributings to healthy service space undertook discussion, point out the disease comes on resource of balanced configuration medical treatment has important sense between the area; Domestic Wang Yuanfei (2006) etc use GIS technology, study medical treatment serves the geographical accessibility analysis of establishment. These research all put forward medical treatment resource to optimize the problem of configuration.
Imitate analyses 3.4 medicine geography
Because contagion has feature of spatio-temporal transmission popularity, use spatial information technology to transmit mechanism to undertake research already was agreed with by the expert place of most epidemiology domain to contagion. The current epidemic that is based on spatial information technology disseminates spatio-temporal model research, the statistic that goes up to undertake to whole contagion data in a more macroscopical measure for the most part is analysed or statistical imitate experiment. If Li Zhong comes,wait (2003) use nonlinear growth model SI and section SI model undertook forecasting to case of illness of Beijing SARS accumulative total. The respect is analysed in kinetic model, yang Hua (2003) applied GIS and dimensional analysis technology, reach SARS shows line of clear edge railroad traffic on the space " flying dot " bouncing type transmits a characteristic. Gong Peng (2006) use used remote sensing and geographical IT to build schistosomiasis model of spatio-temporal and dynamic concept, be in area of popularity of prosperous suburb schistosomiasis had imitate test on the west. Gong Jianhua (2004) (2006) system of combinative much intelligence and technology of fictitious and geographical environment, with fictitious geography the environment is opposite the imitate of a community, and the emulation of much intelligence system to human behavior activity, from the transmission mechanism proceed with of SARS itself, preliminary the transmission mechanism imitate in studying SARS is like community, hospital to wait in microcosmic and geographical environment (Zhouet Al. , 2008) . The simulation that also includes to configure pair of diseases to treat an influence to medical treatment establishment and the imitate analysis that measure of the imitate analysis that analysis of medical geography imitate includes to transmit a process to contagion not only, medical treatment prevents to the disease and treats, analysis. For example, the program personnel of KaiserPermanente of Luo Laina city gets stuck south the United States, use GIS to analyse a method, undertake imitate to the program of center of new medical treatment and establishment of special medical treatment, analyse its the position, amount is reasonable so that the citizen obtains better community medical treatment to serve (ESRI China (Beijing) limited company, 2006) .
3.5 visible cartography
A good medical geography plan has the characteristic of sex of intuitionistic sex, omnibus, whole, accuracy, a lot of valuable information data are OK ground of be clear at a glance is mirrorred on the map, the space that can reflect a disease especially distributings the rule, conduce to the logic that has spatio-temporal change to the disease thinking to study with trends thereby, the intellectual series of the integration that it can plan to offer development for pathogeny research and health care already, also can be division into districts, recuperate, the service such as medical geography education. Healthy cartography begins geography of foreign medical treatment earlier. NASA developed the early warning system of Thailand dengue, investigation module passes data of new case of illness and long-term average case data to compare, decide and erupt what historical condition photograph compares currently possibility, the disease risk that creates Thailand whole nation pursues (Dereket Al. , 2004) . Etien Etal. (2004) use geography n/arc drafting and organize nerve network method oneself, to vital statistics and health the data that monitor undertakes data mining and knowledge discover. Our country begins medical geography cartography seventies in 20 centuries, include to wove 1979 " People‘s Republic of China is malign tumor atlas " (ChinaCancerAtlas, 1979) , published 1985 " atlas of schistosomiasis of People‘s Republic of China " (Qian Xinzhong, 1987) , published 1989 " endemic of People‘s Republic of China and environmental atlas " (CLDiseaseAtlas, 1989) , published 2000 " the plague of People‘s Republic of China and environmental atlas " (Liu Yunpeng, 2000) wait, the geographical distributinging characteristic that stated Chinese contagion, endemic in the round quite and popular rule, pay close attention to generally and take seriously what caused domestic and international learned man. In recent years, the development of geographical IT and medicine make progress to the understanding of the disease, already made medicine geographical the content of n/arc drafting enlarges efficiency to rise greatly ceaselessly. Fang Liqun (2003) the dependency that applies geographical information system to ask for haemorrhage heat and NDVI of remote sensing factor integratedly to Chinese kidney undertook an analysis, distributinging circumstance had the dangerous area that collects haemorrhage heat integratedly to Chinese kidney according to the difference of NDVI of each monitoring point visible cartography. Yang Chongjun (2003) , Gong Jianhua (2003a, 2003b) wait during SARS epidemic situation erupted 2003, use system of network geography information to distributing to SARS epidemic situation the circumstance undertook visible cartography, undertake issuance on the network, help public is fast and so accurate that help public understand cloth of epidemic disease mutual affection and development situation, had very good society beneficial result.
3.6 information system and information serve
A few developing countries of the support such as foreign developed country and World Health Organization, already began to use computer technology compositive contagion, environment and wholesome resource information, through combining an analysis, study the impact of element of a few typical contagion and environment, society, apply contagion monitor, forecast and control. Have representative contagion information system quite at present: World Health Organization and the contagion information system that a few single defect that the United Nations Children‘s Fund Commission supports next building plant, include malaria, dish disease of bug of awl of disease of worm of end filariasis, Guinea, Africa, AIDS, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis; Institute of system of environment of American CDC combination (the communal sanitation that ESRI) builds monitors a system (CommunityHealth Surveillance System, CHSS) ; World Health Organization was being built in Europe 2004 " environment and healthy information system " . In recent years, our country also begins to build contagion information system and information of medical treatment sanitation to serve a system in the light of different contagion (Han Guanggong, 2001, 1999) (Liu Yongxiao, 2007) (Hu Yuning, 2008) , "The country breaks out lash-up of communal and wholesome incident to lead center and decision-making system " already devoted also construction (JXCDC, 2006) . From current epidemic and healthy information the system can see, afore-mentioned information systems, although specific implementation means differs somewhat, and also be in perfect ceaselessly in, but GIS technology is used to build collective dimensional base in medical geography research, analysis of compositive, combination and information serve the space that realizes the data such as a variety of contagion, medical treatment, geography, had made a kind of trend.
4.
Information science develops medical geography to be challenged with what be faced with
With " geographical environment " with " person " the medicine to study a target is geographical, in the combinative process with geographical information science and technology, the development on basic to geographical information science theory and technology, also posed a challenge.
Geographical information science and technology, go up to macroscopical measure at present of the environment of physical geography zoology related to the disease and element monitor wait for relevant research and practice with the analysis, more active, already had certain base. But environment of microcosmic physical geography is monitored, the network of human relations in society in social geography environment, face " person " (individual with the group) the processing technique that lash-up of social activity, communal wholesome incident answers complexity question and technology, and of digital earth and digital human body interactive wait in, research is relatively at present fragile still. So, medical geography information is scientific, need development faces environment of network of environment of dynamic, microcosmic physical geography, human relations in society, " person " for core, and complexity problem handles the pertinent information that wait theory and technology.
Environment of geography of 4.1 microcosmic zoology is monitored
Disease of sex of source of natural epidemic disease is like heat of schistosome, malaria, haemorrhage to wait, closely related environment of the nature of its transmission and popularity and place, society, find out contagion and the immanent connection of natural, society element, it is to control its popular key, use remote sensing technology to be able to undertake monitoring to environment of zoology of host of cause of disease. Be opposite as high resolution ground observation system (hedgehopper of \ of aircraft of aviation of remote sensing of high resolution satellite, low altitude does not have man-machine remote sensing to wait) build, a lot of as geographical as the microcosmic zoology that environmental change concerns environments can pass remote sensing technology to be gotten, the application of the wholesome domain that makes remote sensing technology was involved very hard before is wider and wider.
Wireless sensor network (Wireless SensorNetwork, WSN) it is by sensor of the miniature inside the area that monitor node is comprised, the organizes oneself network system that jumps through a when wireless communication means forms many, its purpose is the information of object of the synergic ground perception, perception in collect and handling a network to cover area, send observer (Sun Limin, 2005) . WSN is portable the sensor that has numerous kind, can extensive at the domain such as geological calamity, military affairs, environment, medical treatment, household, industry, commerce applying (Ma Baoguo, 2008) (poplar dark, 2008) . Use technology of wireless sensor network, can serve as a satellite / the complement of technology of aviation remote sensing, get parameter of environment of microcosmic zoology geography, for example the environmental information such as temperature, humidity (Gong Peng, 2007) .
Be based on the technology such as remote sensing of resolution of much source much space and wireless sensor network, can build a day - empty - network of ground unifinication observation, for microcosmic zoology geography the environment is offerred round-the-clock monitor all-aroundly. Obtain sensor distributinging findings of data of a large number of environment of microcosmic zoology geography and local disease and host animal to undertake integration analysis together, can understand the critical factor that the disease travels, decide the district that the disease travels, clarify the intensity of disease popularity and feature, build forecast a model, forecast its to develop a tendency, provide a basis to enact measure of appropriate prevention and cure.
4.2 face " person " data is collected with get
In face " person " in the research of GIS (Gong Jianhua, lin Hui, 2006) (Gong Jianhua, 2008) (Miller, 2007) , "Person " basically include the principal part such as individual, group, organization. The transmission of the disease, wait with social activity of the person and flow closely related. But, about " person " pertinent information is gotten is a key and difficulty. Face " person " GIS, the society with go-between of real life world and manufacturing activity behavior (body activity, production activity) , the association of person and person and relation regard research as the object, as a result of intelligent sex of the person, mobile sex, behavior initiative of the person, diversity and complexity, person and person the sightless sex of human relations in society and complex nonlinear, and the stability of human society, ethics and privacy right protection, brought about about " person " information is collected with get the difficulty with be had certain. Current, the method such as vital statistics of socioeconomy of the spot society investigation on main support tradition, government is gotten, but about " individual " , " group " of the information such as mobile behavior get, the attention in traditional GIS is less (Gong Jianhua, 2008) .
Spatio-temporal data collects the individual action that is based on GPS, be based on high resolution remote sensing video and video content " person " and the pertinent information extraction of behavior, and of Goodchild discussion be in the information society world with network Web2.0 (Goodchild, 2008) , person (citizen) the method that gathers information as sensor (Citizens As Sensors) (Goodchild, 2007) wait, it is to use IT to get at present " person " the important research method of pertinent information and research forward position.
The 4.3 disease imitate that are based on network of human relations in society
The mankind is true a lot of complex systems in the world, the form that can use a network will have a description, for example network of network of human relations in society, transportation of computer internet network, highway, cell network, linguistics network. Since Watts&Strogatz (1998) put forward microcosmic (Small-World) network model, barabási&Albert (1999) put forward not to have scale (Scale-Free) after network model, the about intricate network research on international lifted an upsurge, among them the research that main an application field is contagion transmission works. As a result of the social activity be closely bound up of contagion and mankind, place of a when its transmit method and feature to wait to also be comprised by the mankind and society giant and intricate network is described, the theory of intricate network and method are OK well of model of transmission of contagion of in order to build with the analysis.
Social network (SocialNetwork) be by individual or the social structure that organizes node composition. The chained list between node and node shows some kind of human relations in society between node. Social network to individual or organize mutual human relations in society expression, individual or the organization is the action in the network and position, aleatoric two each body or the value with organize the research such as the mutual join far and near between to have fundamental, at the same time applicable studies at contagion transmission and control measure (Sui, 2007) (Bian And Liebner, 2007) , traffic / the sources of energy / communication network imitate and analysis, dummy company group / the domain such as data mining and community concern analysis, relation analysis. The contagion that is based on social network disseminates research, just also started, at present more and more get everybody‘s attention. Lin Guoji (2003) be based on microcosmic model to study SARS travels; Barrettet Al. (2005) be based on EpiSims system and social network to begin smallpox (the transmission imitate research of Smallpox) ; Bian AndLiebner (2007) be based on by day, in the evening two companies group and built relevant society network concerns, to the disease the imitate in the crowd undertook abecedarian research and fictitious experiment analysis wait.
GIS regards pair of human relations in society as a complement of the network, attack the abstract develop of human relations in society the level that the structure expands spatio-temporal dimension is spent. Will consider from dimensional angle, regard the dimensional substance such as city or building as the node in the network, join the road between each space substance regards as the edge of join node. Will consider from time angle, distributing the behavior movement of network node to time alignment, the spatio-temporal feature of network of redefine human relations in society. In GIS and the research that photograph of network of human relations in society combines application to transmit a model at the disease, can describe the code of conduct with the individual transmission in the model well and truly, and the spatio-temporal way that the disease travels, reflect its to spend the transmission feature that go up in spatio-temporal dimension. Link GIS and network of human relations in society transmit data mining and imitate research to will become transmission of a disease to study new way to the disease.
4.4 be based on individual disease imitate
The current epidemic that is based on GIS studies, all be the statistic that has to contagion data on a more macroscopical measure analyse or statistical imitate experiment. Traditional regard as to all pledge the crowd the means of whole that build a model (Populationbasedmodels) , bian (2004) think to be like next inadequacy: All individual it is coessential, all individual with individual between be interaction (also namely interaction does not have difference) , the model assumes crowd dispute space distributings of difference (considered time dimension only) . So, be based on individual consideration the disease transmission of spatio-temporal activity behavior proposes modular way, get at present the attention of academic expert.
Be based on individual mobile action spatio-temporal expression, in time geographical (TimeGeography) and there is deeper research in traffic GIS. Hagerstrand (1970) the emigrant mode from the person, advanced spatio-temporal route idea (Space-timepath) will convey single person the mobile behavior in spatio-temporal environment. Miller (1991) the spatio-temporal model theory that is based on Hagerstrand advanced spatio-temporal prism idea (Space-timeprism) reach its to apply a principle mediumly in traffic GIS. But, afore-mentioned research basically are aimed at shift " individual " separate spatio-temporal behavior research, consider to be involved lesser to the spatio-temporal process of individual and alternant incident or crowd incident. The field researchs in computer virtual reality and intelligent system imitate, about crowd imitate (CrowdSimulation) already had more research (Thalmann AndMusse, 2007) . Crowd imitate basically is applied computer simulation the mobile behavior of a flock of people, for example group the person walks, the crowd action that has a cause (for example legionary imitate) , the building below sudden incident flees for his life, the crowd is scattered behavior.
Draw lessons from time geographical study positive result with imitate of computer domain crowd, from inside geographical information science " person - the ground " relation angle, build based individual " person " with " the ground " unifinication is spatio-temporal model, the osculatory behavior process between a travel activity behavior from the person and person studies the disease is in the spatio-temporal transmission rule in the crowd.
4.5 complexity method and system of office of delibrate of lash-up of communal and wholesome incident
Be based on the communal and wholesome system of zoology geography environment, it is the open huge system of a complexity, communal and wholesome incident, the happening that waits for a disease like SARS, transmission and control, answer with ceaseless understanding of the person, reaction, lash-up with adopted control measure, effect is evaluated, and feedback is adjusted etc closely related. The complexity system that produces communal and wholesome event and problem processing need have complexity method and corresponding technical medium.
Wait in the Qian Xuesen at the beginning of 80 time end, 90 time (1990) put forward to handle complexity issue early or late " from qualitative to ration integrated and compositive method " and " from qualitative to system of office of mensurable and integrated compositive delibrate " . Delibrate office system is to want to mix expert group, data character actually all sorts of information and computer network, emulate organic ground union to rise, rise union of the experience of the scientific theory of concerned course and person, knowledge, adopt man-machine union, give priority to with the person, the kind that produces group assemble wisdom is right the concerned problem of open complex huge system undertakes consider and be handlinged. Here is so called " hall " mix experts namely system of knowledge base, information, artificial intelligence system, high-powered computer resembles fighting director office is organized in that way, become giant " man-machine is united in wedlock " intelligent system.
Be based on method of delibrate office system, IT of compositive medicine geography and platform, build system of office of delibrate of lash-up of communal and wholesome incident, it is the research with important science of medical geography information and construction content, to science lash-up and answer the port with be had principal. The technology of system of office of delibrate of lash-up of communal and wholesome incident is built, should be based on system of network of unifinication of information of man-machine of heaven and earth (Ma Ainai, 2005) , digital earth (Gore, 1998) , the technical frame such as distributed virtual reality and the general comfortable computation that support field shift. In the light of 5.12 short of Wenshui River plain the lash-up after seismic calamity and rebuild, be based on high resolution of remote sensing of much source satellite, hedgehopper not to have sensor of man-machine remote sensing, wireless network, mobile spatial information to collect, fictitious and geographical environment, in coordination the technology such as delibrate room is compositive, we are preliminary developed can serve shake of Yu Wenchuan earth communal and wholesome jury is fictitious delibrate office system (Gong Jianhua, 2008) .
4.6 numbers earth and digital human body
GoodChild (2006) the research that thinks geographical information is scientific, need attention and other space (not be geographical space certainly) science is interactive. Sui (2007) about the problem with GIS and video medicine, think not far GIS can expand in the future medicine is video the application on processing, think " GIS and world " relation, with " medicine is video (MedicalImaging) with human body " concern phase is similar. We are using geographical IT to build " digital earth " , the informatization that realizes actual and three-dimensional, dynamic earth, fictitious change while, "Digital human body " begin to build below the support that also includes geographical IT in IT (DigitalHuman, 2009) (Bisaiwen, 2005) , the informatization with system of implementation human body, fictitious change. VTK of famous system of three-dimensional visible software (VTK, 2009) what can handle the organ of three-dimensional human body in medicine already is visible rebuild, the underground that also applies extensively in the geoscience in great quantities is three-dimensional visible, both a lot of respects wait to have collective technical base in scale of three-dimensional data organization, three-dimensional graph. Luo Laina city is helped south the GeoHealth company of Redlands was based on ArcView to develop patulous module BodyViewer, use at the digitlization management of human body information, analysis, and patulous module PatientAccess, use address code of the patient, found the relation that patient and medical treatment network are distributed to pursue, in order to ensure the patient obtains the most effective cure medium of communication, the analysis of data of employee inductrial injury that two afore-mentioned systems had been in company of a Texas got practical (ESRI, 2006) .
In geographical information science about the earth " digital earth " in construction and medicine about human body " digital human body " construction, in medical geography information science studies in, whether should build join, UniCom, interactive etc, be worth to think with take seriously. In construction of digital human body three-dimensional and fictitious the compose of visible person is built, and the digitlization of human body physics, physiology, biochemistry and even psychological process rebuilds etc, to " digital earth " whether the construction that wait has process of the system of three-dimensional geometry world, coupling that encircle a layer to go up in train of thought, method and technology inspire a meaning? Same, are the processing of remote sensing image in geographical information science and medical image processing mutual draw lessons from? The article thinks, medical geography information is scientific, can with " person " for interface and node, connect microcosmic the human body system to macroscopical administrative levels and system of earthly surface layer, pass geographical information science " digital earth " with medicine, biology " digital human body " be united in wedlock, begin interdisciplinary alternate research, press the innovation of science of medical geography information and application thereby.
5.
Epilogue
Change as global environment, and the globalization that the population flow that information, communication and traffic technology development bring about, content sheds, economic globalization, the possibility that the world inside the big range that global communal and wholesome incident brings about like mutation of avian flu virus transmits still exists (WHO, 2008) . Science of information of development medicine geography and medicine are geographical, those who strengthen geographical to communal and wholesome zoology environment monitor the understanding with mechanism of analysis, spatio-temporal to the disease transmission and control, and the it is important to use water equality to have real significance that increases medical treatment resource. In the meantime, the development of science of medical geography information and farther application, what can drive geographical science and medicine is interdisciplinary alternate research, raise informatization level of medicine. But should see, the across of geographical IT domain and epidemiology domain and interdisciplinary research, still lie at present start begin phase. The adoption that the article puts forward concept of science of medical geography information, and the research framework that includes academic, technology and applied field about science of medical geography information, be very the abecedarian is explored with the attempt; The forward position research of science of geographical to prospective medicine information and challenge, also be to involve the partial content that has begun attention at present only. Afore-mentioned need to adopt the application with ceaseless future and practice, be in medicine, geographical and of geographical information science in interacting each other ceaselessly, gradually development and perfect, build the science of medical geography information that compares a system, technology and applied system thereby, service the health at the mankind and can develop continuously.
References
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