Medical School Pathology, Chapter 1c
mistake and deceit. He discovers, the most thing that expresses on medical magazine is misdirect, exaggerated, be over even
Completely wrong, his can calls abroad the square boatman of edition. Whether can vitamin A, D and E prevent cancer? Edible is adipose what to have to heart health with carbohydrate
Influence? Fat can you cause loss of life after all or lengthen? To these a few problems, all sorts of research relapse to go out
The conclusion of mutual contradiction. In the dietetics discovery that how we contradict in these is the choice made? Yaoanidisidi
Gave a simple method: Give entirely negligence. Time of professional career much is disclosing Greek doctor John Yaoanidisi the mistake of person of the same trades and bully
Cheat. He discovers, the most thing that expresses on medical magazine is misdirect, exaggerated, full of prunes even.
So, why are doctors still using these erroneous information in routine? 2001, a message is in Greek each hospital travels to come, surgeon to accumulate operation time,
A lot of hapless Albanias are emigrant by by accident examine is appendicitis. In Aiaonina the teaching hospital of university college of medicine,
The Si Aoni of Pallas · tower that just became a doctor is commenting with the colleague this hearsay, what a professor hears them is right
Ask she is willing to confirm whether this hearsay is belonged to after the word solid. She accepted this one challenge, be taught in this and its
Below the help of his work in the same placing, write finally into to study a report formally, the report shows, no matter as a result of what reason,
The odds that does not have sicken from the appendix that excises on Albania patient body is 3 times of the patient Greeker. "Search very hard
To the journal that is willing to publish this report, but we still try to let it be able to publish. " prove later, this
Investigation is test actually. The professor that to the tower so Si Aoni puts forward that to challenge plans to choose young doctor and
M.d. forms a group, capture a different common and the problem that has controversy sex extremely. Last year spring, I attended the week regular meeting of this group. Dasiaoni mixes additionally 8 young Greek grind
Investigate person surround sit beside one magnify table, john Yaoanidisi moderates. An investigator, the biology statistician that is called tall to treat Ya · Sa Landi opens notebook computer and epidiascope,
Begin to introduce she and a few tasks that the colleague is studying: Whether is pharmacy company operating published research, thereby
Is the drug that allows them looked like more effective? The data that Sa Landi collects appears to show, fact as expected such. Other group
Team member raised question immediately almost. One person points out, sa Landi‘s research did not consider this be related is solid,
-- the research of pharmacy company was not measured the most crucial " hard " result, for instance disease suffers from live to be compared with death
Exemple, dedicated instead at " soft " result, for instance the symptom of subjective description (" my bosom is painful today reduced. " )
Another person points out, sa Landi‘s research ignored this fact -- , show defect it seems that when the data of pharmacy company
When sufferring from healthy state to improve, data often cannot show those who bring to this improves is medicaments. Sa Landi remain calm, be opposite such interrogation it seems that be accustomed to sth, it is the answer says only, consider to be not worth
In order to confirm all problems. Begin a feeling in me, when the data that medicaments studies has infinite plasticity, one
Professor Yaoanidisi that listens attentively to beside continuously put forward crucial hypothesis: Whether to have this kind is likely, pharmacy company beforehand
The research task that chose them carefully -- , for example, the medicaments that takes them and on those foregone markets second
Wait for medicaments to undertake contrast -- , come so, from at the beginning can they ensure be far ahead? "Probably sometimes
Await, jaundiced is not the answer however problem, " he is smiling to say. Everybody is nodding. Although medicaments grinds
Investigate the result often becomes press head, but you must suspect, they can prove what thing really.
In fact, considering the numerous and potential question that raises this on the conference, suspicion letting a person still has what medicine to grind
Investigate deserve credit. This problem accompanies professional career of Yaoanidisi all the time. He has been domain of medical research reliability
World authority. He and his group again and again, with a variety of different means prooves, medicine of many living things grinds
Investigate person the conclusion that reachs in publication paper -- , when doctors are opening antibiotic or depressor; Perhaps suggest fair
Numerous when eating fiber to eat the meat less; Perhaps pass an operation to treat heart disease when their proposal patient or when backache, be depended on
The conclusion that go back on one‘s word -- , it is exaggerated, misdirect is full of prunes even. He points out even, amount to the publication cure of 90%
Learning information is wrong. His job gets acknowledgement generally of medical bound; In the hair on the top class journal of this domain
Watch; He still is the gold-lettered signboard of a lot of seminars. The research that considers him involves the everyone of medical domain,
All health that everything what doctor place does and we hear suggest, yaoanidisi is probable it is the world go up living
The scientist of the most influential force. And the mistake that he worries about medicine to research a field affects face such extensive, was full of
Use conflict, will defy reform for a long time probably, reject to admit existence problem publicly even. Ai Ao Ni Yacheng is town of a college, the distance is great the archaic theater of that bethel and time this fane has only short
Cheng of a paragraph of car. Allegedly, in ancient time, magic power crosses an emperor oak to flamen people the order that transmits them. Today,
Bethel relics also has an oak to forecast future for tourist. "I always take the learned man that call in to here, they
Can ask oak a same question almost, " Yaoanidisi says, "‘ my research funds whether get
Approval? ‘ " to funds clinging the reliability that weakened medical research greatly. Go up century at the beginning of 90 time, when haing Buddha university holds the position of a researcher, ni Di agreement A this came up against this for the first time
The problem of bound of medicine of indulge in wilful persecution. At that time, he is interested to the diagnosis of rare disease, because lack data of case of illness,
Bring about doctors to rely on intuition and experience only. But, he notices, other doctor also relies on same method,
Even if when facing the common disease such as cancer, heart disease, also be such. Those diagnosis that can support them definitely
Where is decided hard data? The research that publishs on the journal is not little, but among them much is very unscientific, mostly
According to the observation to a few case of illness. New " evidential foundation medicine " motion begins to accumulate power, yaoani
Enlighten this determination is devoted into among them. He is mixed above all Dafusi the famous investigator of the university cooperates, accepted John later suddenly
The position of Pu Jinsi university and institute of American country sanitation. Yaoanidisi is having the sth used to one‘s own advantage of unusual: Be in Greek on he is the mathematical day with famed far and near when high school
Just. His parents also is a doctor. He has an opportunity to rise maths and medical knowledge union now, rigid interconnected system
Plan the domain that analyses a method to apply 100 to a flaw. "I think at that time, the judgement of doctors basically
It is right, I need to confirm this one conclusion only, " he says, "What we must do is only systematically reappraise
Evidence, trust it tells our conclusion, next, all metropolises become perfect. All metropolises become perfect.. But result and his desire is completely contrary. Consulting when medical journal, his discovery is many various
conclusion is overthrown by new discovery again later. Of course, of medicine " fluky " be not what secret, sometimes
Await make top news even, for instance, in recent years large research discovery, mammary X mating plate, colonic lens is checked and
What antigen determines to be when examination cancer and did not think once upon a time like us is reliable in that way; Again for instance, prozac,
Zoloft, wait to fight depressed medicine commonly usedly to be proved to fall in most circumstance and do not have more than comforting an agent with Paxil
Effect; Again for instance, we just are informed, completely evasive sunshine can increase cancered risk instead; Again for instance,
The proposal that waters in great quantities when violent campaign just was discovered the likelihood brings deadly consequence; Again for instance, last year in April, I
People be informed to take fish oil, campaign again, solve enigma and helpless at resisting senile and gawkish disease. Use mobile phone whether
Can you cause brain tumor? Everyday is Morpheus exceeds 8 hours still ill health benignantly after all? Take spirit of A Si Pi everyday
Can be you lengthened after all or shorten life? Whether does art of fixed and hemal rehabilitate compare remedy more conduce to cleared heart blood-vessel blocking up
A place of strategic importance? The research conclusion of these problems sufferred the person of the same trade examines research refute. It is besides these top news, yaoanidisi is more open-eyed study conclusion at the medicine that is overthrown affect face
So extensive. "Contrast randomly experiment " contract disease cent to become two groups, one group takes experiment medicaments, another group
Take comfort an agent, contrast next two groups of results. The conclusion of method of this kind of experiment is considered as what cannot dispute all the time
Evidence. But the conclusion that such reaching also is proved to be a mistake occasionally. Yaoanidisi scratch one‘s head over, begin
Search these to excogitate complex matter. Before long, he discovers each segment makes mistake possibly: From investigator carry
Ask, to the method that they study, to the choice that disease has, to measurement technique, to the method that analyses data, to show
Show the pattern of the result, to the way that research publishs on medical journal, make mistake possibly entirely. This showed more tremendous, the obstacle of deep administrative levels. Yaoanidisi thinks, he knows the crux of the problem.
"These research contain bias, sometimes bias clearly, discover very hard sometimes, but very existence. But very existence..
Investigator people having takinging some kind to expect when beginning a test, result, got expectant result as expected! We
Think normally, the course that studies scientificly is objective, severe exacting, be callosity even, can distinguish absolutely fact and bogus
Fact, what even if that is you,expect. But in fact, it is very easy to should affect a result, no matter be,return in cold blood
It is involuntary ground. "The each pace of this process has the space of screwy result, " Yaoanidisi says, "This
An interest exists to conflict in, it forces investigator to reach the conclusion that is helpful for them obtaining research funds. It forces investigator to reach the conclusion that is helpful for them obtaining research funds.. Only perhaps a few investigator is affected by bias, but their screwy conclusion is having to published research not
Proportionate is tremendous influence. To acquire funds and lifelong position, investigator people must send on famous journal
Express an article, and the disallowance of this kind of advanced journal is led be as high as 90% . Imagine not hard so, those hold people eye easily
The result of the ball often is chosen more easily. But, reach a conspicuous conclusion is not difficult, want to let it carry a responsibility
Real test is other one thing however. In rigorous research, the data that most person is contradicted is knockdown. Tentative idea 5
Different research group tests an interesting theory, 4 groups prove this theory is wrong correctly,
And not quite rigorous group, erroneously " proof " academic correct. Guess, your doctor can be in finally cure
The research result that who reads on the journal to learn? Sometimes, investigator can close through confutationing a famous discovery is won
Note, this conduces to pair of primitive conclusion raising doubt at least, but, normally, those who prove a new point of view time
The newspaper is more, after all, the research that proves someone‘s conclusion is unlikely to let you again gets publishing, and refute one
Wide the point of view that gets valued fellow worker may bring deformed consequence. Go up century 90 time end, yaoanidisi was in Ai Ao Niya university to establish a group, begin to disclose numerous
The problem in paper of much medical science, point out bring about certain research to reach the means of misdirect conclusion. Other investigator also leaves
Only then the mistake that notices medical literature to go up to appear often. But, yaoanidisi hopes to get more comprehensive
Conclusion, analyse with solid data, clear logic and perfect statistic for credential. This job lug again
Procrastinate, the Xijinuosi that returns Aegean to go up till him isle, over, old academic tradition let him obtain
Inspirational. He says, "A forever theme in ancient Greek literature is, you must seek the truth, no matter the truth is
What. " 2005, he published two challenges medicine to research fundamental thesis. He chose to be published on PLoS Medical of journal of a network among them. This journal acceptance is sent
Express the implied meaning with any argumentation precise methods, and do not read conclusion whether " interesting " . In the paper, yaoanidisi
Proved with mathematical method, technology of slight investigator bias, typical not perfect research, add pay attention to interesting
Academic tendency, this a series of elements are brought about, below most circumstance, investigator can get a wrong verdict. Say simply, if you by wrong odds greater spot place is attracted; If you hope to prove they are
Truly; If you are gathering evidence from time to tome the mobile space of little, so you manage what prove a mistake probably
Theory correct. His mode is fatidical, the field researchs in different medicine, wrong odds and research conclusion meet with later
To contradictory odds identical: The blame of 80% contrasts randomly research is confirmed to be a mistake as a result; Contrast randomly research
Wrong scale is 25% , and scale of mistake of large and random research is 10% . Yaoanidisi points out, investigator is
funds and future and often operate data analysis, use a person of the same trade to examine even -- , professional journal asks student
The help judges what research to give publish -- , suppress is contrary viewpoint. Director of center of Oxford medicine statistic
Ge Aerteman says, "You can oppugn the detail of a few computation in Yaohanwen, but what refute him very hard is basic
Viewpoint. Viewpoint.. Yaoanidisi estimates, medical scope is potential discover sniff to his: Of course, a lot of doubtful research
Appear on medical journal, but our investigator and doctors know to ignore them, pay close attention to good thing only,
So, what do this have alleged? Another his paper lets this kind of view lose the ground of base oneself upon thoroughly. He was analysed
In the past domain of the medicine in 13 years most 49 discovery that suffer admiration. It is according to science two standards of the bound measure a way of course:
Study the paper is published on the journal that is cited the most extensively by scientific research article; And itself of these 49 articles also is in these
Be cited widely in the journal. Be the popularity that these articles brought about method of a few treatment, use for instance hormonal
Substitution method treats the turn of life to be asked for integratedly; Reduce heart disease risk with vitamin E; Prevent a heart with coronary artery bracket
Dirty disease; Take aspirin to control blood pressure, precaution everyday heart disease and apoplectic. In 49 articles 45 claim to search
Arrived to treat a method effectively, 34 allege therapeutics has gotten confirming. And have 14 among them (41% ) research
Conclusion is refuted strongly by, its conclusion or be mistake or be by exceeding and exaggerated. If say those who be as high as 41% is wide,suffer
The research of recognition is proved suspect, so the seriousness of the problem is apparent undeniable. Of Yaoanidisi this
Piece the article is published in " magazine of American medicine society " on. The research that has a problem apparently is full of authoritative publication, more do not raise common paper. Think dietetics studies
The conclusion with the constant in a steady stream that go out. In these research, investigator undertakes a few years dogging investigating to thousands of person continuously,
Their food below the record (include health care to taste food) change with health. "Next, investigator begins to quiz,
‘ is vitamin E able what? Where is vitamin C, D and A? Quantity of heat, protein and absorb change adiposely to bring about
What result? What change does cholesterol level have? Who suffers from went up the cancer of which kinds of type? ‘ they all asking
The problem passes, begin to discover all sorts of connection, conclude finally -- , the wind that vitamin X can reduce Y cancer
Danger, perhaps say some kind of food can reduce the risk that contracts some disease. " this year spring, inside brief a week,
Following and healthy report appeared on Google news: "Take Oumijia - 3 fatty acid are helpless at heart disease person " :
"The person that fruit, vegetable reduces smoking has cancer risk " : "Soja may alleviate the Morpheus problem of senile woman "
With etc a few similar news. The research that is aimed at the by a definite date of 10 thousand person 5 years when discovers, those people that take vitamin X have the risk of Y cancer
Reduce, you perhaps can think, this is the good reason that takes more vitamin X. Doctors also often similar
The proposal communicates their patient. But, this kind of research often contradicts each other. Vitamin A, D and E whether can
Prevent cancer? Is edible adipose what effect to have to heart health with carbohydrate? Fat can cause life after all
Shorten or lengthen? To these a few problems, all sorts of research get the verdict that gives mutual contradiction repeatedly. We how
Is the choice made in the dietetics discovery of these contradiction? Yaoanidisi offerred a simple means: Grant entirely
In order to ignore. His explanation says, above all, in any large databases that involve a variety of nutrition elements and healthy element,
Will appear a few clear connection, but in fact they are a kind of accidental coincidence only, and be not true healthy cure
Effect -- , this resembles combing a chain of the letter that arranges randomly, allege the under cover in the word that appearing accidentally is heavy
Want information. But, although a certain research discovered the true and healthy action of certain nutriment, you are unlikely also
Gain how many benefit through a large number of taking, because we are absorbed daily,plant by tens of thousands nutriment, they resemble
The network of interaction, change among them some is planted of the element absorb a quantity to be met for certain dimple arises in the network, and it
People too complex, far from these institutes can discover. Although changed some kind of element to be brought really,allege
curative effect, also have very large possibility, the long-term health that it can not give you brings how old profit, grind because of this kind
Investigate can last a few years rarely, see the effect of some kind of element to disease and life truly. They just dog
A few health that can measure easily " index " , syrup of cholesterol level, blood pressure, blood is for instance smooth. Healthy only
The home has confirmed, the change of these index often does not have a relation with long-term and healthy state. Below unusual situation, study when duration grows to study the object dies, final result often is met
Overturn the conclusion of short-term research. (for instance, although a large number of is opposite fat and individual research will be fat the health with how terrible
Connection is together, but among them the research with the longest duration fails to make proof of ground of person be convinced fat however can shorten life,
Contrary a few research prove to spend obese person gently to may live longlier it seems that. ) and these problems still eliminated common
measure a mistake (for instance people often erroneous report their food) , regular mistake is analysed (investigator
Rely on sophisticated software overly, the kind that these software often cannot understand with them operates result) , still have in addition
Scarcer but more serious in cold blood con (investigate discovery secretly, this one phenomenon compares scientists approbatory more
Add general) . If, a certain research is evasive afore-mentioned all problems, found some kind of thing and long-term and healthy couplet really
Department, you still unwarrantable can from which benefit, because consider to report final result is only with all research target
For an average of the foundation. Although you belong to those can from which of benefit lucky and individual, also do not expect you
health appears to be improved apparently, if you have the risk of some kind of disease from inferior become lower how can experience again
Get? Yaoanidisi says, "Any useful conclusion survive from inside these research the odds that come down is small its
Small. " his gently a word was overruled expend gigantic endowment research, annual and mere it is the United States is thrown in this respect
funds reachs 100 billion dollar. Yaoanidisi says, medical research also is same argument. In fact, dietetics research still is not worst
. Medicaments research is more impure the corrupt force that economic interest conflicts. Of gene and characteristic of all sorts of diseases and physiology
The interesting relation between ever caused wide attention, even the report says the distance finds the magical treatment that treats all diseases
Already not far, however these alleged conclusion had been proved flaw 100. Yaoanidisi discovers even, sometimes
Await, although chaos of a collection of illustrative plates of gene of government human body throws a dart,get similar result possibly also. (in recent years, these
Research appears to be improved somewhat, but the problem that they still still remain whether effectively to discuss after all. ) Vioxx,
Zelnorm and Baycol are in large and random contrast be decided after the experiment safe and effective, the result is overall finally because not have
Effect or insecure be banned to use. Yaoanidisi says, "The conclusion of these research often very exaggerative, you do not need to know detail even, stand
Quarter can eliminate them. " but, just is these special exaggerated conclusion (large contrast
The secret that the experiment proves to come from sealed object even prays the life that can save heart surgery patient, and another
Research reachs completely opposite conclusion) help these research be able to be on the journal publish, enter the doctor‘s examine finally
Stop the living with people. "Although evidence shows the conclusion of a certain research is wrong, but if have thousands of
The scientist throws their professional career go in, they still can continue to publish relevant paper. " Yaoani
Enlighten this say, "This is pestilential like, in some sense, they are affected by these wrong think of a way, like that
Other student is caught through academic journal again after. Other student is caught through academic journal again after.. What perhaps a few doctors notice their patient does not resemble expecting to the reaction of certain treatment is good in that way,
However, anecdotical evidence obedience became the usual practice of this industry already at considering to discover. More important is, doctors
working effect never is in authentic research get examining. Yaoanidisi says, wrong therapeutics and health are believed
Cease to did not cause too serious consequence, main reason depends on, most medicine intervenes and suggest not to involve remote of life and death
The case that close, the purpose just lets healthy state of the person be improved a little, won‘t let us have huge gains but also won‘t
Create too big risk. Compile: Eaves(XYS20101024)
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